19 Tips For Successful Report Writing - .com

Reports are less commonly assigned as assignments in university. Often, they are assigned at the end of the semester as final projects. Likewise, professionals are often asked to submit reports. Report writing is an important skill that you need from college to your professional life. Report writing involves rigorous research, analysis, and writing. Due to the depth of the topics often discussed in reports, writing a report can be quite complex.A lot of students either do not know how to write a report or need help to write a good report. As a result, they become professionals who cannot write an effective report. Reports are complicated which, coupled with a multifarious variety, can make writing a report essay a burden. We are here to alleviate you of this burden with 19 tips.In order to write a good report, you must first understand what you are writingunderstand not the subject that you are reporting about, but, rather, what a report itself is.What is a Report?Reports are often c onfused with academic essays since both require research and analysis. However, reports are drastically different from academic essays. Reports are always technical and deal with facts. When writing a report, one must present the data, analyze it, and make recommendations for future action. It is always objective and factual, unlike essays which could otherwise be subjective and personal.There are two major types of reports: informaland formal. These two differ mainly in their function.An informal report aims to inform, analyze, and make recommendations. These are often published or distributed only within an organization, and not for the general public. A formal report involves the collection and interpretation of data. These are usually much longer and more complex than informal reports. In addition to this, formal reports are usually written for people or groups outside of the organization.Different fields have their own type of reports, and they may fall under either category of formal or informal.Financial reportsFinancial reports provide information about an organizations financial position or performance and management of resources. This type of report informs the management of what strategic and financial decisions to make in the next quarter or year. This report also is used for auditing purposes.Laboratory reportsLab reports are often used in technical courses like Engineering. This type of written report presents the findings of a laboratory experiment, as well as their significance.Scientific reportsScientific reports are quite similar to how to write a lab report in that they both present findings of a research in a scientific field. However, they differ in that a scientific report involves research and data gathering outside of the laboratory. Thus, a scientific report would involve real life application of theories proven in a lab report. The structure of a report will be greatly affected by this difference.Medical or case reportA medical report is concerned with an individuals medical history. Types of medical reports are often used as evidence for claims for insurance or other benefits. Doctors familiar with ones case are often the ones preparing reports like this. Learning how to write a case report needs extra care.Technical and scientific fields, such as economics, business, biology, and engineering, make widespread use of reports. However, other fields have their own versions, too. For example. book reports are done for the field of literature.Each type of report has its own characteristics, and thus differing requirements. Therefore, there is no one singular way of writing a report. There is, however, a standard that all authors, regardless of their field, must adhere to when writing a report.How to write reports?Since a report is technical and factual, its author must be a professional in the field. The author must have authority in presenting the facts, the analysis, and the recommendations. Without authority and credibility, the report may not be taken seriously. Thus, aside from ensuring that the facts are correct, that that there is sufficient evidence, and that the analysis and recommendations are logical and substantial, the author of a report must be meticulous with their writing.Now that you know what is a report and the specific types of reports, it is time to know how to write a report essay. Different types of reports, as mentioned earlier, have different requirements, and thus have different elements. Generally speaking, however, basic report writing contains these elements.The report structureTable of Contents provides a thorough list of the sections of the report. Make sure to follow the academic report writing format for sections like this.Executive Summary provides an overview of the contents of the report, which includes the analysis and conclusions and recommendations.Introduction provides the context of your report. Discuss the problem your report will tackle, as well as a summary of your conclusions.Literature Review in this section you synthesize what has been said by researchers in the field about the topic you are discussing in your report.Methodology be objective here: indicate the kind of data used (e.g., who was interviewed, what types of materials were referred to), how these were gathered, and the time frame of your study.Results describe in detail what you have found. This section must be objective and precise.Discussion this is the core of your report. Here, you explain what the results or the data you have gathered mean in conjunction with the context of your report. Make sure that the connections you make are all clear to your reader. Famed Guardian journalist Tim Radford said this as a a good rule of thumb: [D]ont overestimate your readers knowledge and dont underestimate their intelligence.Conclusion talk about the significance of your findings here, but do not add any new information.Recommendation since you took up a problem an d done your research about it, you should now you propose a solution for it.References this section should contain all the sources you referenced in your paper. This section should be formatted according to the academic citation style specified in your guideline.Appendices this is where you present all visual data that you used in your paper. The data should be properly labelled and cited accordingly. Be sure to organize this section so as to avoid confusion when your reader refers to them while reading your report.These are the basic parts of a report, give or take. Some types of reports may require other parts.19 Tips for writing a reportNow that you know what a report is, its different types, and its basic structure, we will give you some tips on how to write a great report. Note that how to write a report paper starts in the pre-writing process. Neither does this end when you write the conclusion. How to make a report is a long process, but do not worry. Here are the ultimate 19 tips for writing a report.Know the purpose of your report and your audience.As expounded earlier, there are different types of reports. Each type of report has different aspects or parts and conventions that its writer must comply with. It is also crucial to know for whom the report is as this determines the level of language and complexity of your explanations. These are things to keep in mind throughout the process of writing a report.Read all formatting guidelines.Whether you are writing in the academic setting or in the professional setting, there will always be guidelines that you must adhere to. Before writing, make sure that you have thoroughly read and understood the guidelines of your institution or organization. How you present your report is just as important as its content. Everything must be professional.Prepare a master list of all your sources and data.The first step for this tip is to put all your sources and data in a folder. Afterward, prepare a master list. Thi s master list should contain a brief description of the contents of each source. It may include where a particular source is, which can be helpful in your research. This will save you a lot of time from having to rummage through your files.There is no one structure for all reports.The basic structure of a report is much like a research paper. However, different types of reports have additional sections to accommodate specific information or analyses. Although you are required to provide the basic report format, you may add or remove additional sections depending on the needs of your report. One of the most important report writing skills is being able to determine what your report needs.Use headers and sub-headers to organize your report.Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion are not sufficient. If you want a professional-looking report, divide the actual content of each section. Doing this will make the report easier to write for you and easier to digest for your reader as well. To help you with this...Do not skip the outline.Reports are much longer than your typical research paper. Outlines are an indispensable step in how to start a report. An outline will ensure that you do not miss any detail while writing, and that you do not spend too much space on certain sections then skimp on others. You may also use the headings and sub-headings of your outline as headings and sub-headings of your essay. This will not only guide your reader but will also keep you, the author, from straying from your topic.Be mindful of jargons, but use appropriate terminology.Jargons are there for a reason, and they cannot be wholly avoided in technical reports writing. If you are making a report for an expert in your field, such as your director, surely they will know the jargons. Hence, you can use them for the sake of efficiency. However, if you will write a report online for lay persons or for the general public, then you should use them sparingly. In fact, you may even have t o explain them as you do with theories. But be careful, too, not to dumb down your writing by skipping important terminology. The bottom line is that you need to write appropriately for your audience. Remember what Tim Radford said? You can also apply it to your language.Anticipate your readers questions.Just as we typically address counterarguments in an essay or debate, we also need to anticipate questions that might arise in the readers mind as s/he reads the report. Naturally, you must attempt to address these questions as within your report so as to ease their minds and they can focus on what you are trying to say. Try to do this naturally, without losing your focus on your actual topic.Start with the main body of the report.Perhaps the most common academic writing tip is to write the introduction last. The same thing goes for writing reports. It is best to start writing the facts of your report, such as the methodology and your findings, then your discussion so that you would know what to write about when you start with the introduction to the report. The main body is the main entre of your report, so it would be impossible to introduce and summarize your report without first writing this.Be straightforward and objective.A reporting essay is factual, so it follows that report writing is known to be objective. This characteristic is important to keep in mind because a report essay cannot be riddled with opinions, even if they are correct. To achieve objectivity in your report writing, avoid using the first person and second person as they are too personal. Avoid flowery words and always use precise language as well. Most importantly, be mindful of your biases as they may show in biased language. Precise language is always key.Familiarize yourself with transitional phrases and techniques.Transitions help your reader establish the relationship between ideas or data you present. Thus, they are crucial in ensuring your reports clarity and coherence. Effective usage of transitions is part of the basic writing skills taught in school, but reading reporting writing examples written by actual experts in your field would greatly improve your familiarity with it. Incorporate transitional phrases in your topic sentences. Another tip to help keep smooth transition between sections is to give a short summary of the sub-section beforethe section that you are writing.Make use of your data.You worked hard in collecting and organizing data for your reportit would be a waste not to use them. More than that, your data is vital to establishing your credibility and to making your report compelling. Your claims and analyses should be rooted in your data. Of course, it is a given that your data is organized in the Appendix.Be honest in your report.If you made any mistakes in your experiment or in the process of gathering data, include these in your report. Talking about these mistakes and how you corrected them will demonstrate the depth of your research and report. This will also inform other researchers in your field of what to avoid if they are conducting a similar study.Weave your sources in your report.A major weak point in many reports, and most academic writing for that matter, is ineffective integration of outside sources. Remember that your sources are there to support your ideas. The sources and quotes that you cite should never overshadow your own ideas and explanations. In order to seamlessly include sources into your writing, try employing these three things: [1] Use a signal phrase to introduce the quote. Never drop a quote without first introducing it as this will only cause confusion for your reader. [2] Sandwich the quote with your own words. After introducing the quote, you must follow-up with an explanation of how the quote relates to your own ideas. [3] Do not overuse quotes. The key to effective usage of sources is a balance between paraphrasing and quoting. As the author, you should judge whether an idea is bet ter expressed by the writer or if it can be paraphrased. Using too much quotes is ill-advised because that could be interpreted as the authors shortcoming in digesting their sources.Your Recommendation is an action plan.A lot of the questions about how to write a report paper extends to how to write a Recommendation for a report. Some think that the Recommendation does not have to be well-written if the report main body is well-executed, but that is not true. Your recommendations, assuming they are logical, should be presented in a way that reflects that. You should provide as many details as necessary for the reader of your report to be able to implement your recommendations. In addition, write your recommendations in future tense, as these are yet to be done.Lay it all out on the Executive Summary.As already alluded earlier, the Executive Summary, along with the Introduction should be written last. Now, when you write the Executive Summary, do not think about it as a sneak peek to your report. Rather, it should tell the reader exactly what to find in the entirety of your report. Remember: you are not writing an article about a bookyou are writing for researchers or your boss who has no time to waste.Proofread and edit your report.You have probably heard this countless of times already, but it has to be said again: proofread and edit your report before you submit it. Writing a report essay demands patience and fastidiousness. The report does not have to be perfect, but it at least has to look like it. Your report should follow the guidelines given to you, or you can follow our tips. Read your paper, and read it againdo not leave any sentence unturned.Read your report out loud.The final step to revising your report is to read it out loud. Sometimes hearing your writing helps you better spot any errors or inaccuracies. Read it out loud at least once, then revise the report.Bonus tip:When revising your report, you need to look at all the elements, not just your grammar. Here are questions to ask yourself while revising your report:Were you able to connect the introduction, discussion, and conclusion to each other?Is your methodology clear? Would someone who did not do the research be able to replicate it?Are your transitions clear? Were all ideas connected?Did you use any terminology or jargons incorrectly? If you are writing for the general public, were you able to explain the terminology and/or jargons clearly?Is there any statement, idea, or source that is not relevant to your report?Are all statements/claims well supported? Are all evidences sound?Is your language not biased?Did you cite all your sources? Check the in-text citations as well.Are the citations correct?Are your recommendations logical?Writing a report is a long process. There is even an equally long process of data gathering that comes before the actual writing. Take your time at every turndo not rush anything. Each section of your report is crucial and must not be disreg arded. This does not mean that all sections should be the same length; rather, invest the same amount of care and attention in writing each of them. Most importantly, do not lose sight of your purpose. All the sections of your report should bring your reader closer to your goal, whether that is to inform, analyze, or make recommendations.Writing a report is essentially the same process as writing an academic essaywith only a few modifications. If this is your first time writing a report, do not expect it to be the best right away. Some things take time to get used to, and like any writing, effective report writing needs practice.Report writing serviceReport writing can be a large hassle for students and professionals alike. It would either be the length, the difficulty, or the complexity that will cause failure in writing a report. Here at , we believe in success at every endeavorand we want to share success with you. We boast a rich roaster of writing experts who is not only profic ient in various fields of study but is also experienced in writing about them. Whether it is custom reports, custom essays, custom research papers, or custom term papers that is needed, we are highly equipped and keen to give you the academic help that you never thought you needed. Send us a message now!

Sophocles Suggests - Free Essay Example

All over the world, different cultures integrate the belief that everything on the plant, or if nothing else at least peoples lives, are predestined by natural or paranormal forces. That there are objective and enlightened beings which initiate everything that develops in nature, and that these beings are known as gods. The philosopher Sophocles to some extent believed that everything on the planet is fated and no one has control over what happens. Sophocles shows us that although every character has a different perspective on the same situation, and they react accordingly, they cannot change their destiny. By promoting the idea of fate and destiny, Sophocles suggests that everything in the world is predestined and no one has control over what happens. He hints at the idea that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable. Your prayers are done. Man cannot flatter Fate, And punishments must come(251). Through this phrase, Sophocles provides insight on the idea that humans cannot flatter or change fate no matter how intensive our efforts are. He shows that we cannot fight against the relentless laws of fate. At best we may discover what our fate is, but even then, we can only surrender. Destiny directs the person who follows voluntarily, and those who resist are pulled along by force, and this is reiterated throughout the play. Each time a character obtains some knowledge concerning their future, they take steps to evade that destiny, and those same steps end up leading them right back to that destined path. Sophocles reveals, that the knowledge of our destiny affects the actions we take, and this, in turn, solidifies our fates even more. Another example of how Sophocles reveals that everything in the world is predestined is through Tiresias A corpse for a corpse the price, and flesh for flesh, one of your own begotten(239). With this, Tiresias essentially tells Creon that he will pay the price for Antigoners death with his own sonrs life. Ultimately this prophecy also ends up getting fulfilled. This further illuminates the idea that everything is predetermined. Sophocles is showing us just how powerful our destiny is and that no matter what we do avoid it, we will have to face it eventually. This idea that everything is predetermined and that our timeline is already set is quite a new concept for us in the modern era and brings up many questions. Does knowing our destiny give us purpose or does it limit and restrict us? People are not constrained by destiny, rather by the learning and understanding of their destiny. Sophocles shows that although fate was thought of as something baffling and absolutely perplexing, people desired to discern its intentions by turning to the oracles. Through these oracles, Sophocles brings in different prophecies, and the knowledge of these prophecies sparks the characters to take action in different ways. By showing Antigone the fate of her brothers, Sophocles ignites a spark that carries throughout the play. Antigone believes that she still needs to bury her brother because it is an offense to the Gods to leave a family member unburied. Antigoners fate was sealed as she decided to bury her brother and face the consequences. When Ismene realizes that Antigone is serious about burying Polyneices she says You frighten me Antigone simply replies Do not fear for me.(194) At this point Antigone makes it clear that she is doing what she must, to follow the fate that has been decided by the Gods. She is not going to fight this fate. She knows that following the fate and laws of the Gods is more important than following the laws of man. Because Antigone knew her fate and that it would ultimately lead to imprisonment or death, she gave in and let it consume her by committing suicide. After learning our destiny we tend to only see one path or course of action and this causes us to forget about the other paths in life. We then focus on how or how not to follow that one path. Once we know our fate, it is only human nature to either embrace it or try to avoid it, but sometimes our ego can prevent us from doing either or them. Sophocles shows us that human nature and ego are the reasons why we cannot change our destinies. At the point when Creon visits the prophet Tiresias, he comes to pass on a notice, not an unavoidable destiny. He expresses that Creon has settled on an awful decision, however that he can still recover. To err is human, true, and only he is damned who having sinned will not repent, will not repair(237). With this Sophocles gave Creon more of a choice for this situation and Creon is shown to have control over what occurs, while Oedipus never had a choice, his fate was sealed. Creon had a sizable ego, however, until he passed the point of no return and he was caught in the grasp of a horrible destiny that he could not escape. Sophocles shows us, that humans cannot change their destinies because of their nature as humans coupled with substantial egors. He also shows that Creonrs ego is so vast that even after Tiresias warned him, he thought that only he was right and went on to besmirch the reputation or Tiresias. He went as far as to call all prophets, a money-grubbing race and still a crook(238/239). This solidifies Sophocles point to a large extent and shows how egotistic people can be, and because of this, we cannot change our destinies. Sophocles suggests that the average human cannot get past his/her ego and this causes us to be prisoners of fate. Sophocles draws attention to the concept that people cannot alter their destinies because everything is already determined and because of human nature. It is of paramount importance that we understand why Sophocles brings in the concept of fate and destiny in his plays. Sophocles is a widely studied philosopher and his ideas are what shape our perception of Greek civilization, so if we understand what he believed in, then that in turn provides us with insight on what the Greek people as a whole believed. This use of fate as destiny to explain events in the play and in real life provide us with a better understanding of the play and the Ancient Greek civilization as well.

Racial Inequality And Mathew Weiner s Smart Yet Subtle...

A lot has been made of Mad Men’s take on the period’s fashion and culture. From the ad agency, the alcoholism to beards, racial inequality and Mathew Weiner’s smart yet subtle dialogue. His AMC drama uses setting to bolster character, and character to bring to light many predominant themes. One of the show’s distinctive qualities is its tendency to use side characters in order to underline the show’s thematic goals. This has mainly been applicable when with Mad Men‘s queer characters. Where a less complex show might utilize a homosexual character randomly, the queers on this show reflect an evolution which reflects the changing of the society as a whole. In this way, everyone from season one’s quiet and â€Å"in-the-closet† Sal to Season 6’s more aggressive Bob Benson drives viewers forward through a quickly changing, and increasingly sexual time. (I watched ahead.) The year was 1960 when we met Salvatore Romano, but 1950s standards and values remain attached to the new decade. Initially, Sal is a gentle giant closet case who claims to have never had sex with a man. Over three seasons, he keeps up his â€Å"straight† faà §ade by dating and marrying, then has his first gay sexual experience but maintains his position at Sterling Cooper until Lee Garner Jr., a client, propositions him. Sal is fired when he refuses Lee’s advances and in his last scene, he calls his wife from a pay phone. Behind him, a small crowd of seemingly gay men head for undergrowth of trees, the image suggests aShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesand other assets that were once the primary management emphasis. This profitability and growth also entails their integration with the effectiveness of a company’s human strengths, customer and supplier relationships, brand names and technology, and sm arts of knowledge and intellect. Most important, this profitability and growth means the successful implementation of these leading-edge initiatives in hands-on organization wide actions that provide measurable competitive advantage on a continuing basis

Network And Relational Perspectives For Community Psychology

Annotated Bibliography Source 1: Watling Neal, J. D. Christens, B. (2014). Linking the Levels: Network and Relational Perspectives for Community Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Christens/publication/261771586_Linking_the_Levels_Network_and_Relational_Perspectives_for_Community_Psychology/links/557b03bc08aec87640d9b364.pdf Summary In the article â€Å"Linking the Levels: Network and Relational Perspectives for Community Psychology†, networks and relationships have great importance for understanding communities, settings, larger social system, and neighborhoods (Watling Neal, 2014). Generally, it can be said that relational and network perspectives have an ability to provide empirical and conceptual links†¦show more content†¦Boyd, 2014). It was performed to determine the manifestation of organization studies in the literature. This will prove helpful in determining the perfect coding strategy to measure collected information. Source 3: Dey, A. Abowd, G. Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. Smartech.gatech.edu. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/3406/99-39.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y Summary In the article â€Å"A Context-Based Infrastructure for Smart Environments†, it represents the necessity of smart environment. It concludes that smart environment is required to provide effective services to occupants (https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/3406/99-39.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y). Generally, it can be said that it is necessary for every organization to identify their context and determine what actions need to take to satisfy the identified context. It can be said that goal of the smart environment not only supports the activities but also enhance the abilities of occupants in performing different organizational tasks. Context is defined as information that is required to utilize a particular situation of an entity. Furthermore, it can be said that the most important problem faced by every organization is building and executing effective context-aware applications. If the organization wants to resolve such problem, they can build applications on the ba sis of ad-hoc manner. Source 4:Show MoreRelatedTheological Issues On The Body Of A Person Is Broken Through The Lens Of The Adult Mind1436 Words   |  6 Pagesensuing questions of worth, identity and forgiveness will potentially challenge a system of belief in God. In attempting to bring this kaleidoscope of memories and life experiences into focus and for the victim to become a survivor, mentors, a community structure and a strong sense of conviction will aid in the development of resiliency. Within the spiritual model beliefs, values, social support, a sense of efficacy and hope are important; however, beliefs alone are inadequate for healing. 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The Tour - 1031 Words

Charles Lucas Brenda Craven English Composition 101VA 1 July 2013 The Tour As a young man, leaving your home country for the first time is a very scary endeavor. I had barely left the small state of West Virginia, much less, traveled abroad to a whole other continent. I was about to embark upon the second adventure of my adult life. The first being my first airplane ride to attend basic training at Fort Bliss, in El Paso, Texas. I was happy to be doing be doing things as an adult, and I was proud to serve my country, yet I was very anxious about what may lie ahead for me. I guess at that age, and my lack of experience, I could not understand why I was going to Korea. There was no war going on there, and I was an†¦show more content†¦It seemed that there were people everywhere. Most were walking or on bicycles, but it seemed no one was just standing around. Everyone had a purpose, not just meandering around, just very busy people. The buildings were a little better than primitive, and the roads were small and windy. Cars were not commonplace, and they shared the roads with bikes and motor scooters, but it was their transportation system, and it worked for them. As I spent my tour in Korea, I began to understand the politics of us being in Korea. We were there to offer protection from the North and to help make sure that the South Korean economy was stabilized. I made good on my promise to experience the culture, and my tour in Korea helped me develop into the man that loved to travel the world. It was the start of my maturation process, a far cry from the young kid that started this journey twenty eight years ago. Since then I have been to many countries, and back to Korea, all while I was on active duty for the Army. 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The Social Impact of Drug Abuse - 24406 Words

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Dostoevsky Kierkegaard Nietsche And Jaspers Essay Research free essay sample

Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietsche, And Jaspers Essay, Research Paper Daniel Leonard Existentialism Dr. Brahinsky March 27, 2000 Trev, wake up! Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Jaspers write of many of import issues refering our being and society in general, but the 1 that involvements me the most is the belief in the ignorance and stupidity of the bulk of the human race. We are so shockable, so asleep, so afraid of researching ourselves and what is beyond this across-the-board narrative we have created and in which we live ( and ironically hatred ) . These four philosophers all seem to see the large image. Some wish they neer had, others feel born once more and superior to the remainder of world. Regardless, until the full universe understands, there is no hope for adult male # 8217 ; s endurance. I will get down with Mr. Nietzsche who speaks with a really barbarous and pointed attitude. He is rather angry with people in general for being shallow, for falling asleep to the cultural drone humming in the dorsum of all our caputs. It is so easy to populate daily like dead organic structures, making what you are told, working invariably to avoid believing excessively much. ( That # 8217 ; s why I love work! ) . We fear what is indoors. We are afraid to be as our psyche and our heads. Society, scientific discipline, and even academic doctrine avoid looking inward, or paradoxically, seeing the large image. The full universe is seting us to kip. They # 8220 ; effort to understand this canvas and these colourss, but non the image # 8221 ; ( Nietzsche in Kaufman, 124 ) . Merely the true philosopher, the true understander of being, can uncover that topographic point where stuff can no longer pervert you. There are so many obstructions ( we refer to them as civilization and usage ) in this universe that obstruct our way to higher consciousness where we will recognize the unity of everything and achieve witting love. Equally shortly as we realize we are all bubbles drifting on the same ocean, we become wholly free from these obstructions and have nil to fear, non even decease. This is heaven on Earth. Nietzsche recognized faith as possibly the greatest obstruction of them all. It purportedly was created to assist get the better of all the other obstructions, but now farther disorients us and about leads us in the opposite way. Interestingly, Nietzsche sees as the root of turning nihilism non social or psychological corruptness, but Christian reading. I # 8217 ; m non rather certain I understand this, but the manner I see it is Christianity ( along with many faiths ) # 8211 ; the one establishment created to salve and give significance to life # 8211 ; is, through its current and turning lip service, taking intending off from life. Jesus was a great instructor. His cardinal message was that if we love one another and do non let ourselves to acquire caught up in the mundane facets of life, we can accomplish a higher degree of being and happen true felicity. Christianity developed out of Jesus # 8217 ; learning as a kind of stepping-stone to assist people understand Jesus and acq uire to the topographic point he was speaking about. Christianity is like a set of guidelines to take us to higher consciousness. But we have made a complete jeer of Christ and his instruction. Christianity has lost sight of its original end and go wholly bemused with regulations and ordinances. We do non necessitate faith ; it is merely here to assist us. But alternatively of higher consciousness going the end, faith is now the end. Equally long as you follow the regulations and ordinances of the church, every bit long as you have faith, you are a good individual. Incorrect! You are a nihilist. In The Antichrist Nietzsche viciously attacks the priests and theologists who advocate this fabricated universe of God, the Satan, wickedness, salvation, free will, etc, which # 8220 ; falsifies, devalues, and negates world # 8221 ; because we can non stand the sight of it ( Nietzsche, 533 ) . The church has pronounced sanctums exactly what the Jesus the Gospel felt to be beneath and behin d himself ( Nietzsche, 536 ) . The land of Eden is non a topographic point we go after we die. It is a province of the bosom and we can be at that place right now, here on Earth, if we follow Jesus # 8217 ; true message. But what is Jesus # 8217 ; true message? If nil else it is to be yourself, love your neighbour, and avoid the crowd at all costs ( nice segue, right? ) . Soren Kierkergaard has a large job with # 8220 ; the crowd # 8221 ; of which so many worlds seem to be a portion. This mass of people bing in the province of consciousness called waking slumber is the wheels of our civilisation yet have no idea of where they are traveling. Kierkegaard is awake, and hence superior to everyone around him. His clip was one of technological pioneering, society blindly traveling frontward looking for ways to do like easier. Many boarded the bandwagon of alteration, following the technological revolution for no good ground. Kierkegaard went out into the streets of Copenhagen and tried to flim-flam people into seeing the truth by knocking society when he had no right to, because he was a moonstruck loafer ( in camouflage, of class ) . His chief job with the crowd is that is a safety for all who fear ind ividualism and the decision-making that comes with it. He speaks repeatedly of how the journalist can compose anything he wants ( things he would neer state talking one-on-one with another individual ) and his words will touch 1000s upon 1000s of ears and be taken earnestly, but because of the namelessness of both the writer and the public reader, duty for things said can be wholly avoided. The crowd is failing. The crowd is untruth. Nietzsche says the same thing: people are afraid to look inward. They seek safety from their heads in work and changeless activity. Jesus would hold no association with the crowd. Truth, individualism, and higher consciousness radiated from him. The nazarene could merely be # 8220 ; what He is, the truth, which relates itself to the single # 8221 ; ( Kierkegaard in Kaufman, 96 ) . That is why so many feared Him, and still make. That is why he was killed. Kierkegaard continues to explicate why so many turn their dorsums on higher consciousness with his construct of apprehension. Dread is a feeling that befalls us when we realize possible or possibility in ourselves, when we learn something new that forces us to do a pick or determination, or merely to believe in a new manner. Peoples fear freedom. They fear pick because one time one is confronted with chance he is expected to take advantage of it. If you learn something that brings you out of ignorance you can neer travel back to life in that nescient mode with a clean scruples because now you know better than to populate like that. If you do non modify your being based on what you have learned, you are looked down upon. Some people appreciate possibility ( ie. of going less nescient ) because they are willing to alter or they like the option to take. Most people would much instead have neer been told that the full human race originated from a individual population in Africa 200,000 o ld ages ago. They wallow in their ignorance and hatred being pressured to alter. The Underground Man must be the most astonishing illustration of apprehension one could conceive of. He is the manifestation of apprehension. His full head exists inside the kingdom of apprehension, and apprehension in the worst manner. He is faced with an unbelievable sum of possible and chance because of his heightened consciousness yet more than anyone is unable to do the # 8220 ; qualitative spring # 8221 ; merely because he is submerging in picks, in freedom as it would look. Kierkegaard is besides really concerned with what it means to go a Christian. What is the single # 8217 ; s relationship to Christianity? He inquiries why anyone would establish their ageless felicity on something about which they can non be certain ( like historical Christian certification ) , but so goes on to state that religion and passion are certainty, and they are what make you a true Christian. By the terminal of Kierkegaard # 8217 ; s choice I have decided that he greatly admires the true Christian, but looks down upon spiritual philosophy in that it is a crutch for those who are non genuinely passionate about God. He raises the really of import contrast between nonsubjective truth and subjective truth. Which is truer? A thing surely is non true merely because you believe it is true, but I do believe that subjective truth is the more of import of the two. There is more virtue in the adult male who prays with full passion to and idol than there is in the adult male who pray s to the true God but with a false spirit. I have a great regard for passion, but infinite passion with no nonsubjective foundation does non work ( like the illustration that inkinesss were born from the Satan ) . Kierkegaard puts it best in stating # 8220 ; The truth is exactly the venture which chooses an nonsubjective uncertainness with the passion of the space # 8221 ; ( Kierkegarrd in Kaufman, 117 ) . So it is a combination of the mind and emotion that makes us a # 8220 ; true # 8221 ; Christian. This ties in with Nietzsche # 8217 ; s thoughts of Christianity in that many alleged Christians purely rely on the aim, exoteric facets of faith for comfort and wholly lack the passion required to go a true Christian. Kierkegaard is right. We are Christians as a affair of class ( Kierkegaard in Kaufman, 120 ) . About everyone I know calls himself or herself a Christian, but I have met merely two or three of them who took the rubric earnestly and were genuinely passionate and had g reat religion. Peoples are afraid, or possibly merely unwilling, to take the hazard. Passionately believing in something that is unsure to you is unsafe. As civilisation pushs frontward and trust on ground and nonsubjective truths go more and more cardinal, our demand for God to explicate life continues to diminish. Hence, being a Christian with infinite passion in today # 8217 ; s universe is both black and foolish. We have killed God, says Nietzsche. I like Dostoevsky really much because I understand the 1000 gh procedure of the Underground Man. Last twelvemonth, in fact, I was certain I was on my manner to going what I can now term the Underground Man ( thanks to this category! ) . That was when I was excessively witting, hyper-aware, and really insecure. I was far from the province of the Underground Man, but certainly in the initial phases of paranoid-schizophrenia! My ideas seemed morbid. Not that consciousness itself was a disease, but that my heightened consciousness was in some manner poisoned. Therefore I feel Dostoevsky ( when I say Dostoevsky I am talking of his Underground Man ) is incorrect to name consciousness a disease. His gross outing ideas are non the merchandise of higher consciousness but of a morbid head. His ideas are non normal ; this is what I believe. Dostoevsky admits right off that he is more intelligent than anyone else around him. However, he besides admits that this is his ruin: an intelligent adult male is bound to be an basically nondescript animal, while a adult male of character, a adult male of action, is necessarily a limited animal ( Dostoevsky in Kaufman, 4 ) . So in one sense he looks down upon the stupid, unconscious, mean adult male who exists without thought, yet in the other he badly envies ( to the point of abhorrence, he adds ) the mean adult male exactly because he is unconscious ( his absence of inordinate idea enables him to be a adult male of action ) . In rereading Notes from Underground I realize that Dostoevsky is an absolute mastermind. I am in awe at his deepness of apprehension of heightened consciousness. I will take his mouse illustration and use it to myself. I, at one point, for about three old ages, thought excessively much. I became really self-aware, analysing everything I said and everything s aid to me. I became ashamed. I became immobile, and it was most acute when I smoked marihuana. I was so immobile when high that I was afraid to talk. I would desire to discourse and come back, felt compelled to, cognize precisely when something should be said and what its content should be, but could non because I was surrounded by a # 8220 ; nefariousness in the signifier of inquiries and uncertainties. . .caught up in a fatal mire # 8221 ; ( Dostoevsky in Kaufman, 11 ) . And when I did talk, I crumbled, and my insecurity was revealed, and therefore I thought of myself as worthless, a mouse. No 1 called me worthless but myself, but I was convinced that, objectively talking, I was worthless. I was a individual who did nil, entertained nil, and benefited no 1 in any manner. Merely God knows why I was alive. There are others in the universe who are worthless but are non witting of it. This puts me all the more at mistake because I realize my ineptitude and therefore should be able t o alter. But I can non alter ; it is impossible. Thankss to modern medical specialty, this is where I stop and the Underground Man picks up. He, recognizing he can non alter himself, crawls into the black hole of desperation and drowns himself in retrieving every clip he was humiliated. Then he drowns himself in his ain ill feelings about himself. After many, many old ages he begins to accept his earnestly flawed character. He takes pride in his disease and becomes masochistic. He defiles and degrades himself in the face of others, welcomes the # 8220 ; toxicant of unrealized desires turned inward, # 8221 ; and in the terminal feels a unusual pleasance in it all. Forgive my aside. I think the lesson Dostoevsky provides is ignorance is bliss. His disaffection is accentuated by the societal criterions of his clip. The decisive # 8220 ; adult male of action # 8221 ; is the 1 who achieves and becomes something. Unfortunately in this universe, you need to believe quick, act fast, and be certain in order to last. You have to cognize how to populate on the surface, to interact with others # 8217 ; personalities ( masks ) . Dostoevsky merely knows how to be as his internal being, his true being. Possibly due to his lonely upbringing he neer learned how to interact as the universe interacts, on an external degree. And since he could non make this he was alienated from the start, and continued to be alienated and to hold his true ego corrupted by blending kernel and character with out separating between the two, bring forthing his current writhed being: a paranoiac and a schizophrenic. You see, many people possess some grade of higher consciousness, but they besides know how to interact on the degree on which our society is founded # 8211 ; the degree of the mundane. These people possess being ( ability to move and take ) and cognition ( emotion, mind ) and are on their manner to apprehension ( being awake ) . Dostoevsky possessed enormous cognition, but really small being. Therefore, he had apprehension ( and possibly had even reached the # 8220 ; self consciousness # 8221 ; level a measure above the # 8220 ; wake up # 8221 ; degree ) but it was manifested in a negative manner because of his deficiency of being. ( This is my best and concluding effort at explicating Dostoevsky place! ) Carl Jaspers: the concluding chapter. Unlike our other three philosophers, Jaspers, at least as it appears to me, is less concerned with the particular. ( He is much nicer besides! ) He tries to gestate and project consciousness and being in their broadest sense. He focuses less on the person, the crowd, God, higher consciousness as a finish, and more on how these things exist inside and outside our consciousness. Jaspers # 8217 ; narrative is the most complex yet, but fortuitously he goes to great strivings to explicate himself. Still, I had a hard clip working through his doctrine, so bear with me. We worlds live and think in skylines, but the fact that we have skylines indicates there is something beyond them, environing the given skyline ( Jaspers in Kaufman, 211 ) . Jaspers now introduces the Encompassing, its two manners # 8211 ; Bing itself and the Encompassing which we are # 8211 ; and the three manifestations of the latter manner: empirical being, consciousness as such, and spirit. Jaspers makes a differentiation between the consciousness of life existences and consciousness in general, or empirical being versus the Encompassing of empirical being ( aka. Bing itself, or existenz ) . He calls the first an actuality and the 2nd an inactuality. Right now, as I think, I am witting but enclosed in my ain individualism. In my self-awareness I exist as merely an realization of truth, as a mere contemplation of my true ego. My being, my witting being, that is, is a consequence of the intersection of eternity with the temporal. This reminds me of two things: Kant # 8217 ; s th ing-in-itselfs and phenomena, and the ocean analogy. Empirical being sounds like Kant # 8217 ; s Phenomena in that it is the point at which non-physical things and thoughts like life, consciousness, and the psyche become objectively accessible to us. We grasp, analyze, and understand these things. Then we see past this topographic point, where unknown meets the head, to the unknown where we ( and everything ) exist in pure kernel. This we can non hold on. Another manner to see the state of affairs is that we are all bubbles on the surface of the ocean. Everyone comes from and returns to the same topographic point: the ocean. Recognizing this, we reach a higher degree of consciousness similar to witting love. So the manner we exist usually ( in the matrix, haha ) is an Empirical being as an indirect manifestation of our true egos ( Bing itself ) , in other words, as a contemplation. We achieve consciousness as such when we realize these restrictions of our consciousness, when we rea lize that nil we see is in its true signifier, but instead something created from our ain head. Spirit is acknowledging that everyone is everything because we are all portion of the same whole ( the ocean ) . # 8220 ; The person as spirit is non himself, but the integrity of contingent persons and of the necessary universal # 8221 ; ( Jaspers in Kaufman, 220 ) . Kant hit a dead terminal and decided we will neer be able to step outside our witting to see things as they truly are. Jaspers, nevertheless, takes us farther. He says we can excel the Encompassing which we are ; we can go our echt egos. We can Be, in the most cardinal yet most absolute manner. This is existenz, where everything appears to everything else in its true signifier, as if one were looking down upon the Encompassing. This I achieve existenz through transcendency. # 8220 ; Transcendence is the power through which I am truly myself # 8221 ; ( Jaspers in Kaufman, 219 ) . Existenz is infinity in clip. This is wher e no boundary of any kind can be found. This is where pure communicating occurs. This is absolute truth. This is God. Existenz is sing the thing-in-itself. Jaspers goes on to speak about ground and existenz being contingent upon one another, but I will non acquire into that. My reading of Jaspers is convoluted plenty, and for that I apologize. If I had more clip I would explicate myself better. The bottom line for me is that Jaspers has combined the power of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche with his ain and has explained rather convincingly that we can see God, that there is hope for world, and it begins with paying a spot more attending. I can make that. I was witting one time, but it was a bad kind of witting, like Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s. I was in horror of the awful ideas go throughing thru my caput. That # 8217 ; s when I was convinced I had a diseased head. Prozac has about cured me of that poisoned consciousness, and I # 8217 ; m now get downing to see spots and pieces of the higher consciousness I think these philosophers understand. There is so much bull*censored* in this universe ( for illustration, why do we have first feelings? ) . That # 8217 ; s why I chose the subject of shockable, dormant worlds. Because the manner we live is pathetic, and although I enjoy everyday life a great trade, I know existence runs much deeper than this, and I would wish to cognize those deepnesss and how to acquire at that place. What can adult male make? A snake pit of a batch. We have merely been reading the inquiry the incorrect manner. Kaufman, Walter. # 8220 ; Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte # 8221 ; Dostoevsky, Fyodor. # 8220 ; Notes from the Underground # 8221 ;